Partitioning a SQL Server Database Table - Basics

Partitioning a SQL Server database table is a three-step process:

1. Create the partition function
2. Create the partition scheme
3. Partition the table

The remainder of this article explores each of those steps in further detail.



Step 1: Creating a Partition Function

The partition function defines [u]how[/u] you want SQL Server to partition the data. At this point, we’re not concerned with any particular table, we’re just generically defining a technique for splitting data.

We define the partitions by specifying the boundaries of each partition. For example, suppose we have a Customers table that contains information on all of our customers, identified by a unique customer number, ranging from 1 to 1,000,000. We might decide to partition that table into four equally spaced partitions, using the following partition function (I’ll call it customer_partfunc):

 CREATE PARTITION FUNCTION customer_partfunc (int)
 AS RANGE RIGHT
 FOR VALUES (250000, 500000, 750000)
 

These boundaries define four partitions. The first contains all values less than 250,000. The second contains values between 250,000 and 499,999. The third contains values between 500,000 and 749,999. All values greater than or equal to 750,000 go in the fourth partition.

Notice that I used the "RANGE RIGHT" clause in this example. This indicates that the boundary value itself should go in the partition on the right side. Alternatively, if I had used "RANGE LEFT", the first partition would have included all values less than [u]or equal to[/u] 250,000; the second partition would have included values between 250,001 and 500,000, and so on.

Step 2: Creating a Partition Scheme

Once you have a partition function describing [u]how[/u] you want to split your data, you need to create a partition scheme defining [u]where[/u] you want to partition it. This is a straightforward process that links partitions to filegroups. For example, if I had four filegroups named "fg1" through "fg4", the following partition scheme would do the trick:

 CREATE PARTITION SCHEME customer_partscheme
 AS PARTITION customer_partfunc
 TO (fg1, fg2, fg3, fg4)
 

Notice that we now link a partition function to the partition scheme, but we still haven’t linked the partition scheme to any specific database table. That’s where the power of reusability comes into play. We could use this partition scheme (or just the partition function, if we desired) on any number of database tables.

Step 3: Partitioning a Table

After defining a partition scheme, you’re now ready to create a partitioned table. This is the simplest step of the process. You simply add an "ON" clause to the table creation statement specifying the partition scheme and the table column to which it applies. You don’t need to specify the partition function because the partition scheme already identifies it.

For example, if you wanted to create a customer table using our partition scheme, you would use the following Transact-SQL statement:

 CREATE TABLE customers (FirstName nvarchar(40), LastName nvarchar(40), CustomerNumber int)
 ON customer_partscheme (CustomerNumber)
 

That’s everything you need to know about partitioning tables in Microsoft SQL Server! Remember to leverage the power of reusability by writing generic partition functions and partition schemes that might apply to multiple tables!